Rashes

The term “rash” does not belong to a specific diagnosis, it is a general term that:

• inflammation of the skin,
• the appearance of skin changes (consistency, thickness, etc.),
• color change of the skin.

Types of rash

There are different types of rash, including:

• boils – a superficial inflammation of the hair follicles;
• papule – raised thickening (caused, for example, by warts, tumors, etc.);
• Macula – stain;
• pustule – a raised skin lesion filled with pus;
• wheal – an area of skin is raised and reddened, typical of hives;
• nodules – round-shaped, raised, hard lesion;
• Bulla – bladder filled with fluid;
• dandruff – dry and dead skin (typical in psoriasis);
• Ulcer – skin injury that goes beyond the derma, for example, in the case of diabetic foot.

Non-infectious diseases that cause rashes

Seborrheic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis is a rash that mainly affects adolescents.
It causes red spots and scaling, which mainly affects the following areas:

• Scalp
• Forehead
• Eyebrows
• Face: around nose and mouth,
• Cheeks
• Outside of the ears.

Natural remedies include:

• creams based on echinacea,
• sweet almond oil,
• Dandelion.

Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (or eczema) is a common condition in children that:

• red spots,
• itching,
• skin rashes.

The affected areas are:

• inside the elbows,
• hollow of the knee,
• Cheeks
• Ears
• Neck
• Arms and legs.

It often occurs in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a rash (or eczema) caused by contact with a specific chemical substance to which the patient is allergic.
Some chemicals are irritants to the patient and are called allergens.
Rash can be accompanied by blistering, which burst and lead to fluid loss.
Contact dermatitis affects areas of skin that come into direct contact with the irritating substance.
Common examples of allergy-caused dermatitis include poison ivy and reactions to regularly worn jewelry that contains nickel.

Congestive dermatitis Congestive dermatitis is dermatitis
caused by fluid accumulation in the legs due to venous circulatory disorders.

Palmarerythema
Palmarerythema is a rash that occurs on the palm near the wrist.
It can occur as a result of cirrhosis of the liver, which is fibrosis of the liver.

Psoriasis
This rash consists of non-sweating plaque formation.
It can occur on:

• Scalp
• Elbow
• Knee
• in the lumbar region,
• in the groin.

Psoriasis causes skin lesions and silver-colored scaly skin.

Dysregulative-microbial eczema

This dermatitis is usually characterized by the formation of red, coin-shaped plaques.
It usually occurs in the winter months because it is caused by very dry skin.

Burns

A burn is damage to the skin, usually caused by heat or hot substances.
Some symptoms include:

• pain,
• red skin,
• Blisters.

Rosacea Rosacea
acne begins with redness of:

• Cheeks
• Nose
• Chin
• Forehead.

Less commonly affected are the neck, scalp, chest and ears. First, rosacea comes and passes again.
Over time, the redness expands more deeply and lasts longer. Visible blood vessels appear on the skin.
If no treatment is carried out, pimples and red nodules form.

Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease associated with blistering and sores (erosions) on the skin and mucous membrane.

Affected are:

• Scalp
• Trunk
• other skin areas.

Folliculitis
Folliculitis is the inflammation of one or more hair follicles. It can occur anywhere on the skin.
The cause may be Staphylococcus aureus, which also leads to:

• impetigo (bark lichen),
• Skin abscesses can lead.

The most common symptoms are:

• skin rash,
• Itch
• Pimples or pustules.

The injuries occur more often near a hair follicle:

• in the neck,
• on the groin,
• in the genital area.

The pimples can form a grind.

Lyme disease
Lyme disease is a tick-borne bacterial infection.

In the early stages of Lyme disease, the symptoms are:

1. skin erythema,
2. neck stiffness,
3. fever,
4. lymph node enlargement,
5. headache,
6. fatigue,
7. muscle pain,
8. Joint pain.

A large rash may form around the tick bite.

Infectious diseases that cause rashes

Herpes A group of small blisters that form painful ulcers can be provoked by herpes
simplex.
The first occurrence can often cause pain and fever, while a relapse can be milder.
Herpes is the most common cause of rash and ulceration:

• on the genitals,
• in the pubic area or groin.

Herpes labialis affects the lips and the skin around the mouth area.
It is highly contagious and is usually transmitted sexually or through direct contact.

Other infectious diseases that lead to rash and mainly affect children include:

1. rubella;
2. roseola (three-day fever);
3. Rubella;
4. Chickenpox;
5. Measles.

Meningitis ( meningitis)
Meningitis is a bacterial or viral infection of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms of meningitis may include:

1. Fever
2. Seizures
3. nausea and vomiting,
4. spot-shaped rashes,
5. Photosensitivity
6. migraine,
7. Neck stiffness.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a viral disease that mainly affects children.
Characteristic are rashes with blister formations:

• on hands,
• feet,
• in the mouth.

Rashes caused by medicines

Drug rashes are reactions of the body that occur after taking a medication, in particular:

• Paracetamol
• Antibiotics (for example, Augmentin and Amoxypen).

The type of rash depends on the type of drug.
The manifestations can be divided into the following groups:

1. skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to the drug;
2. skin reactions that occur as an undesirable side effect;
3. Rashes due to hypersensitive reaction to sunlight, caused by the drug.

Types of drug eruptions

• Allergic contact dermatitis: This reaction occurs after a local antibiotic is applied to the skin, eyes, or ears.
  The area of skin on which the antibiotic has been applied may redden, itch and swell.
• Maculopapular exanthema: This is a flat and reddened area on the skin covered by small nodules.
  The rash can appear anywhere on the body and cause itching.
• Urticaria: Urticaria causes red spots on the skin that can be raised and whitish in the center.
  The urticarian reaction can occur localized (for example, in the chest area) or extend over the whole body and be accompanied by severe itching.
  There may also be blisters in the mouth or on the eyelids.

How long does a drug rash take?
The reaction lasts as long as the drug is used, sometimes it can last for days, rarely it lasts a few weeks.

What are the signs and symptoms of a serious drug allergy?

Toxic epidermal necrolysis: This is a very serious condition that leads to skin detachment and blistering.
It can be accompanied by fever, cough and fatigue. There may be problems with breathing, visual disturbances and indigestion.

Angioedema: Angioedema is characterized by swelling of soft tissues. Lips, tongue and eyelids can also swell.

Breathing problems: The throat and lungs can become so constricted that breathing difficulties occur.

Anaphylaxis: Anaphylactic shock is a dangerous and sudden allergic reaction.
Symptoms include:

• Rash
• Breathing difficulties
• tightness in the throat,
• rapid heartbeat,
• Fainting.

Nausea and vomiting may also occur.
Anaphylaxis is an emergency that can be fatal.
Seek help immediately if these symptoms occur.

Therapy for drug exanthema

As a rule, the disease passes as soon as the patient refrains from taking the drugs that caused the reaction.
Possibilities of treatment are:

• corticosteroids,
• Antihistamines.

Allergic reactions can be serious and even fatal. If a rash develops, a doctor must be consulted immediately.

Rash due to food intolerance

Food intolerance occurs when the digestive system cannot digest substances contained in food. The most common cases are intolerance to:

• Lactose
• Gluten.

Symptoms of food intolerance include:

1. swelling of the mouth and tongue,
2. angioedema,
3. urticaria,
4. Rash
5. redness on the face or other bodies,
6. itching,
7. Eczema.

Coeliac disease

Herpetiformis dermatitis is a rash characterized by:

• Itch
• Blistering.

It manifests itself when the skin reacts to antibodies of circulating gluten.
Some people refer to it as “celiac disease of the skin” because it occurs together with celiac disease.
Even though dermatitis herpetiformis can form anywhere on the body, the most common areas are:

• Elbow
• Knee
• Buttocks
• Back
• Neck.

Symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis

• Rashes always in the same places.
  The disease occurs periodically.
• The skin reactions can be continuous or come and go (intermittent).
• Before the onset of dermatitis herpetiformis, the skin may itch in the corresponding areas or you may feel a burning sensation.
• The rash itself manifests itself with:
  • very intense itching
  • redness of the skin,
  • small pimples (such as insect bites) that contain a clear liquid.
  • Papules (raised thickenings).
• The nodules of dermatitis herpetiformis usually pass after a few days (while new pimples appear nearby).
  After the rash has healed, small purple spots remain, which persist for weeks and months.
  Usually, people with long-term dermatitis herpetiformis have red skin in the places where the outbreak forms.
  Among the other symptoms of celiac disease there are:
  • abdominal pain,
  • abdominal cramps,
  • Diarrhea.

Skin diseases and rash in young children

It is very common for babies to have rashes or other skin problems.
Most of it passes by itself in a few days or weeks.
Here are some of the phenomena that can be observed on the skin of young children:

Pimples in infants Often toddlers have red dots
or pimples on their face:

• on the cheeks,
• on the nose,
• on the forehead.

Infant acne or neonatal acne can occur in the first few weeks after birth and usually disappears within a few months.
The pimples have nothing to do with the problems of acne of adolescents, but are caused by the maternal hormones.
During pregnancy, the hormones reach the baby’s mother through the umbilical cord.
After birth, these hormones remain in the child’s body.
The Mammalsgsacne:

• is the reaction caused by the hormones,
• passes by itself in no time.

Milia Small, white spots on a newborn’s face during the first week are called “milia
.”
The skin of the child appears spotted. These spots disappear on their own over the course of a few weeks.

Newborn exanthema
During the first or second day of life, many children have harmless, red spots with small pimples that sometimes contain pus.
This rash is called neonatal exanthema.
It can:

• on a small area or
• appear on a larger part of the body.

The reddened areas can go and come, but usually they pass within a week.

Transient pustular melanosis In colored infants, pustular melanosis
is a common rash.
The rash is harmless and does not require therapy.
Pus-filled pimples develop, which break open and form dark spots surrounded by finely scaly skin.

Heat pimples Young
children can develop heat pimples (miliaria or sudamina/sweat blisters) if they are dressed too warmly or the ambient temperature is very high.
This is a red or pink rash that usually appears on the parts of the body covered by clothing.
This often itches and is annoying to the child.

Diaper rash diaper rash
is red and painful, and is pronounced on the buttocks and genital area of the child.
It develops when wet diapers are worn for too long.
Urine and faeces can irritate the skin.
Sometimes bacterial infections or yeast fungi cause diaper rash.

Saliva rash
Many children have a rash around the mouth or above the chin. This is caused by saliva and spit.
Cleanse the child’s face more often, especially if he eats something or drools.

Red dots on the skin In infants, red dots can be observed on the skin
. This point-shaped red rash is called petechiae.
They are accumulations of drops of blood in the skin. They can be caused by the pressure in the birth canal during childbirth. They pass by themselves again in the first or second week.

Scaly scalp of the infant
Many toddlers have a so-called milk cap.
Scaly skin or crusts on the infant’s head are caused by:

• tallow accumulation,
• Dandruff and dead skin cells.

The cradle cap tends to heal on its own within the first 5 months.

Stork bite
The stork bite is a flat, bright red mark, which above all:

• in the neck,
• on the upper eyelids,
• the upper lip,
• occurs on the eyebrows.

Most times pass by the age of 2 years, although the plaques in the neck area are often present into adulthood.

Mongol spot The Mongolian spot
is a smooth, bluish or gray-blue mark that forms only on the back and buttocks.
It often resembles a bruise.
The Mongolian spot is common in newborns of Asian descent.
It usually passes at school age, but does not always have to pass completely.

Blood sponges Blood sponges
(hemangiomas) are pink to red at birth and can then turn into dark purple. These blood sponges are formed by blood vessels that have not fully developed.
Hemangiomas are raised, blue, red, or purple marks that develop from a bundle of blood vessels and can take on different shapes and sizes.
Most of them grow for about a year, then they turn white and begin to contract.

• Seborrheic eczema on the scalp and face
• Psoriasis vulgaris, pustulosa, guttate and inversa
• Red dots on the skin